9W2AIS: Januari 2014

Khamis, 16 Januari 2014

Kenangan Radio

Kini hampir setahun AA ku telah tamat tempoh tanpa diperbaharui. 31 Januari 2014 ini genaplah setahun. Setelah hampir setahun tidak ke udara di freq amatur timbul pula kerinduan. Tmbah-tambah lagi apabil aku membelek-belek koleksi gambar peralatan radioku.

Semua peralatan tu masih tersimpan rapi di dalam kotak khas. Entah bila masanya akan ku buka dan pasang semula.

Langgan: Catatan (Atom)

V35

Wilayah Victor 35 (V35)

Frequency:
145.4375 mHz
-> Kajang - Bandar Baru Bangi - Putrajaya.

Terkenang pada masa awal mengenali Radio Amatur, sekitar 2005, Freq. V35 menjadi tempat berQSO bersama rakan-rakan. Pada masa tu V35 ini memang meriah dengan pelopornya 9w2LRT, 9w2ALZ, 9w2CEO, 9w2SHR, 9w2RMY, 9w2ABL dan lain-lain. (sekadar menyebut beberapa callsign je). Kini V35 kelihatan agak sunyi dan sepi sedikit ... Harap2 rakan-rakan kini yang berada di Kajang, Bandar Baru Bangi dan Putrajaya sudi-sudilah jenguk dan meriahkan kembali V35.

Mohon rakan2 di 3 wilayah ini jika sudi dan tidak keberatan, sila sms atau tinggalkan pesanan di CBOX:[ callsign + handle + QTH ] untuk dipaparkan di blog saya ini. TQ 73

Satellites Frequency

SATELLITES FREQUENCY

ISS VOICE (REGION 2 & 3) DOWNLINK 145.800, UPLINK 144.490

ISS UHF/VHF REPEATER DOWNLINK 145.800, UPLINK 437.800

ISS VHF/UHF REPEATER DOWNLINK 437.800, UPLINK 145.990 WITH PL @ CT TONE 67.0

ISS APRS DIGIPEATER DOWNLINK 145.825, UPLINK 145.825

ISS SSTV DOWNLINK 145.800

AO-51 VHF/UHF REPEATER DOWNLINK 435.300, UPLINK 145.920

VO-52 UHF/VHF REPEATER DOWNLINK 145.900, UPLINK 435.230

SO-50 VHF/UHF REPEATER DOWNLINK 436.795, UPLINK 145.850 WITH PL @ CT TONE 67.0

NOAA 15 WEATHER IMAGE DOWNLINK 137.500

NOAA 17 WEATHER IMAGE DOWNLINK 137.620

NOAA 18 WEATHER IMAGE DOWNLINK 137.9125

NOAA 19 WEATHER IMAGE DOWNLINK 137.100

Glossary Dalam Radio Amatur

Callsign - A series of letters and numbers used to identify a station and the country they are operating from
Carrier - The un-modulated output of radio transmitter
Continuous Wave (CW) - The output of a radio transmitter that can be switched on and off to generate Morse Code signals
Frequency Modulation (FM)- A modulating technique that varies the carrier frequency of the transmitter in accordance with the variations in the strength of the modulating audio signal
Hams - Nickname for the amateur radio operator
High Frequency (HF) - Frequency ranging from 3 mhz to 30 mhz although the amateur 'top band' on 1.8 mhz is generally considered to be part of the HF allocation
Modulation - The process of changing the output carrier of a transmitter in order to convey information such as telephony
Q Code - The universal radio language used to make communication simpler by using three character codes such as QSL, QRZ, QSB and etc
Repeater - An unmanned station that receives signals on a certain frequency and simutaneously retransmits them on another
Short Wave (SW) - Frequency in the HF range of 3 mhz to 30 mhz
Tranceiver - A combined receiver and transmitter in one unit
Ultra High Frequency (UHF) - The frequency range from 300 mhz to 3000 mhz
Very High Frequency (VHF) - The frequency fange from 30 mhz to 300 mhz

ABBREVIATION

AA - Apparatus Assignment
A.C. - Alternating Current
AROC - Amateur Radio Operator's Certificate
ASAA - Amateur Station Apparatus Assignment
AOP - Amateur Operating Procedures
CB - Citizen Band
CW - Continuous Wave
D.C. - Direct Current
EMC - Electromagnetic Compatibility
FM - Frequency Modulation
HF - High Frequency
IF - Intermediate Frequency
ITU - International Telecomunication Union
MARTS - Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitter Society
RAE - Radio Amateur Examination
RF - Radio Frequency
SW - Short Wave
SWAL - Short Wave Amateur Listener
UHF - Ultra High Frequency
UTC - Universal Time (UTC is also known as GMT or Greenwich Mean Time)
VHF - Very High Frequency

Radio Amatur

Apa Itu Radio AmaturRadio Amateur ataupun juga dikenali sebagai ‘HAM Radio’ ialah hobi berkenaan membina, menguji-kaji & berkomunikasi melalui gelombang radio. Seseorang itu juga dapat menghubungi seseorang yang lain secara individu @ berkumpulan dengan menggunakan pesawat radio yang menghasilkan gelombang magnetik.

Apakah yang boleh saya lakukan dengan Radio Amateur?Tidak seperti teknologi perhubungan lain, Radio Amatur membolehkan anda berhubung dari mana-mana tempat pada setiap masa. Pada waktu bencana, Radio Amtur amat berguna terutamanya kepada agensi-agensi penyelamat. Pada ketika lain,anda juga kadangkala boleh bercakap dengan angkasawan @ membalikkan isyarat dari bulan. Anda juga boleh menghantar fail ataupun gambar secara digital.Komunikasi melalui radio amatur tidak seperti penggunaan telefon bimbit kerana liputannya tidak terbatas kepada kawasan berpenduduk sahaja. Keupayaan radio amatur bergantung kepada antenanya dan juga jaluran (band) yang digunakan. Semakin tinggi antena (atau semakin banyak elemen sesebuah antena itu, semakin baik keupayaannya) .Di dalam keadaan darurat seperti bencana alam, peranan radio amatur amat menonjol di dalam memberikan kemudahan perhubungan. Contoh aplikasi radio amatur yang digunakan ketika bencana di Malaysia ialah ketika tragedi Highland Towers pada tanggal 11 Disember 1993 yang telah mengorbankan 48 nyawa, apabila MARTS atau Malaysian Amateur Radio Transmitters' Society tampil memberikan kemudahan perhubungan komunikasi di antara lokasi runtuhan dengan hospital. Contoh yg lain adalah seperti kejadian Tsunami, kemalangan helicopter yg jauh di Genting baru2 ini dan banjir di Pekan.Secara asasnya, terdapat 2 jenis komunikasi di dalam radio amatur iaitu secara simpleks dan satu lagi melalui pancar ulang. Simpleks (simplex) merupakan kaedah perhubungan radio secara point to point seperti walkie-talkie yg kita gunakan untuk SRS dan Rakan Cop.Pancar ulang atau repeater pula merupakan perhubungan melalui sejenis peranti yang menerima (RX) dan menghantar (TX) kembali audio kita. Pancar ulang lazimnya terletak di kawasan tinggi seperti di gunung/bukit bagi membolehkan ia menerima dan menghantar semula audio ke tempat yang lain pada jarak yang lebih jauh. Pancar ulang penting kerana ada kalanya komunikasi agak sukar kerana terlindung oleh halangan seperti struktur binaan manusia seperti bangunan mahupun muka alam seperti bukit dan gunung. Oleh yang demikian, bagi membolehkan audio disampaikan ke kawasan yang terlindung, pancar ulang diperlukan. Di Malaysia hampir kesemua pancar ulang dimiliki oleh persatuan radio amatur seperti MARTS, MARES, ASTRA, JASRA dan lain-lain lagi yang boleh dimanfatkan oleh ahlinya untuk berkomunikasi dengan rakan lain samada secara lokal mahupun transnasional (seluruh negara).

Seseorang yang hendak menjadi ‘Ham Radio’ hendaklah lulus di dalam peperiksaan yang dinamakan RAE (Radio Amateur Examination) . Setelah lulus barulah boleh membuat permohonan bagi mendapat lesen Radio Amateur. Di Malaysia pihak yang memegang kuasa mengeluarkan lesen radio amateur ialah Suruhanjaya Komunikasi & Multimedia Malaysia. Hanya mereka yang lulus & diperakukan boleh mengendalikan sesuatu alat Radio Amateur.

Callsign (Kod panggilan)Setiap Amatuer mempunyai kod @ callsign.
Di Malaysia barat kod ini 9M2 & 9W2.
Di Serawak 9M8 & 9W8 & di Sabah 9M6 & 9W6. 9M ialah kelas A yang lulus RAE & ujian morse kod manakala 9W ianlah kelas B iaitu mereka yang lulus RAE sahaja.

Siapakah yang harus anda hubungi untuk mendapatkan bantuan?
Kelab-kelab Radio Amatuer terdapat diseluruh Malaysia & bersedia untuk membantu anda. Ada di antara kelab-kelab tersebut mempunyai halaman web yang mengandungi maklumat mengenai hobi tersebut.

Berikut disenaraikan sedikit Q-Qode yang diterima pakai utk kegunaan komunikasi di repeater:
QRA : Nama stesen/handle anda
QRK : Tahap jelas pancaran(R1-R5)
QRL : Frekuensi sedang digunakan @ sibuk
QRM : Ganguan dari stesen lain
QRO : Tingkatkan kuasa pancaran @ High power
QRP : Rendahkan kuasa pancaran @ Low powerQRT : Berhenti memancar
QRU : Sekian sahaja dari saya (mesej)
QRV : Anda sudah bersedia @ saya sudah bersedia
QRX : Berhenti utk seketika @ akan kembali semula pada (masa) @ standby
QRZ : Siapa yg memanggil
QSA : Kekuatan signal (S1-S9)
QSP : Menyampaikan mesej
QST : Perhatian semua stesen
QSY : Bertukar (pancaran) ke frekuensi lainQTH : Lokasi anda
QTR : Masa (jam)
QRG : Frekuensi yang lazim digunakan semasa
QSO:73 : Salam bahagia/salam sejahtera
jalopy : kereta
XYL : IsteriYL : Wanita tanpa mengira umurHarmonic : Anak
WX : Keadaan cuaca

BAGAIMANA UNTUK MENGAMBIL BAHAGIAN DIDALAM RADIO AMATUR
Untuk mengendalikan Stesyen Radio Amatur, pengendali mestilah memegang Sijil Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur yang dikeluarkan oleh SKMM ( MCMC ). Permohonan boleh di buat dimana-mana pejabat Wilayah SKMM ( MCMC ). Tanda Panggilan ( CallSign ) akan diberikan kepada pemohon yang berjaya mengikut Kelas Sijil Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur. Sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur membenarkan pemegang untuk mengambil bahagian dan mengoperasikan Stesyen Radio Amatur.

Peruntukan Tanda Panggilan ( Call Sign ) di Malaysia adalah seperti berikut :
Semenanjung Malaysia - Kelas A - 9 M 2 x x xKelas B - 9 W 2 x x x
Sabah - Kelas A - 9 M 6 x x xKelas B - 9 W 6 x x x
Sarawak - Kelas A - 9 M 8 x x xKelas B - 9 W 8 x x x

PENGUNTUKAN RADAS RADIO AMATUR
Semua Stesyen Radio Amatur mestilah mempunyai lesen yang sah daripada SKMM ( MCMC ) sebagai sebuah badan berkuasa untuk industri komunikasi di Malaysia. Anda mestilah memiliki sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) untuk mengendalikan Stesyen Radio Amatur.
Di bawah kategori radio amatur terdapat tiga kelas iaitu :
1. Permohonan untuk Penguntukan Radas ( Perkhidmatan Amatur ) ASAA kelas A dan B
2. Permohonan untuk Penguntukan Radas ( Perkhidmatan Mobil ) borang untuk Stesyen Pengulang ( Repeater ) Amatur
Tempoh sah Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) adalah diantara 3 bulan hingga 5 tahun.

KELAYAKAN UNTUK
MEMOHON PENGUNTUKAN RADAS RADIO AMATUR
Untuk kelayakan , pemohon mestilah :
1. Berumur tidak kurang dari 18 tahun untuk kelas A dan berumur tidak kurang dari 14 tahun untuk kelas B
Bagi pemohon dibawah umur 21 tahun, dikehendaki mendapat pengesahan daripada ibubapa, penjaga atau mana-mana pihak yang akan bertanggungjawab.
2. Warganegara Malaysia atau warganegara asing yang mempunyai perjanjian timbal balik ( Reciprocal Aggrement ) dengan Malaysia.
3. Pemegang Sijil Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur ( AROC ) kelas A atau B hendaklah mengemukakan salinan keputusan Peperiksaan Radio Amatur kepada SKMM ( MCMC ).

KEPERLUAN PEMATUHAN
Pemegang Sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) mestilah akur dengan Akta Komunikasi dan Multimedia 1998 dan undang-undang dan pindaan yang dibuat.

KEPERLUAN PEMATUHAN ANTARABANGSA
Pemegang Sijil Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur ( ASAA ) mestilah akur dengan Peraturan Radio ( Radio Regulation ) Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa ( ITU ) dan Konvensyen Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa ( ITC ).
Penggunaan ulangan untuk stesyen pengulang yang mengoperasikan jalur Ulangan Amat Tinggi ( VHF ) dan Ulangan Teramat Tinggi ( UHF ) dalam jarak 50 kilometer daripada sempadan Malaysia akan memerlukan Koordinasi Sempadan dengan negara jiran berkenaan.

YURAN PENGUNTUKAN RADAS RADIO AMATUR
Yuran Penguntukan Radas Radio Amatur adalah seperti jadual dibawah :
Kelas Yuran Permohonan Yuran TahunanKelas A RM 60.00 RM 36.00Kelas B RM 60.00 RM 24.00Stesen Pengulang Amatur RM 60.00 RM 60.00

PERJANJIAN OPERASI TIMBAL BALIK
Stesyen Radio Amatur negara luar boleh memohon dibawah perjanjian operasi timbal balik dengan Malaysia. SKMM ( MCMC ) akan mengeluarkan ASAA kepada stesyen amatur luar negara sekiranya permohonan memenuhi syarat-syarat yang telah ditetapkan. Pengeluaran lesen berkenaan mengikut kelas lesen dari negara asal.
ASAA hanya akan dikeluarkan tidak melebihi tempoh masa sah yang dikeluarkan oleh negara asal atau setahun atau mana yang terdahulu.
Stesyen Radio Amatur negara luar yang tidak ada mempunyai perjanjian operasi timbal balik dengan Malaysia akan dipertimbangkan pengeluaran lesen bergantung kepada kes-kes tertentu sahaja. Walau bagaimana pun pengesahan dari ahli MARTS akan dipertimbangkan.

PEPERIKSAAN
Terdapat dua jenis peperiksaan Radio Amatur :
1. Peperiksaan bertulis Radio Amatur ( RAE ).
2. Peperiksaan amali Kod Morse ( CW Test ).

PEPERIKSAAN RADIO AMATUR ( RAE )
Peperiksaan bertulis merangkumi tajuk-tajuk berikut ;
1. Teori Eletrik , Eletronik dan Radio Komunikasi.
2. Teori dan Operasi peralatan radio termasuk sistem antenna , pemancar , penerima , amplitude , modulasi ulangan dan teknik single sideband.
3. Peraturan yang dibuat dibawah akta yang membolehkan mana-mana stesyen ujud dan beroperasi dan termasuk perkhidmatan kajian amatur.
4. Peraturan Radio Kesatuan Telekomunikasi Antarabangsa ( ITU ) membolehkan stesyen radio amatur beroperasi dan melakukan kajian dan tertakluk kepada peraturan operasi stesyen radio amatur secara amnya.
Terdapat 100 soalan didalam peperiksaan ini dalam bentuk objektif dan calun diberi masa selama 3 jam untuk menjawab kesemua soalan. Setiap jawapan yang salah tidak akan dipotong markah.

UJIAN KOD MORSE ( CW TEST )
Adalah satu peperiksaan amali untuk mengukur keupayaan dan kemahiran pengendali stesyen radio amatur.
1. Berupaya menghantar mesej dengan betul dengan menggunakan kekunci telegraf samada kekunci separuh otomatik atau kekunci eletronik dalam tempoh 3 minit dengan kelajuan bahasa biasa termasuk angka , Isyarat Khas , Kod ’Q’ dan isyarat kecemasan didalam Kod Morse Antarabangsa.
2. Berupaya menerima mesej dengan betul dengan menggunakan kekunci telegraf samada kekunci separuh otomatik atau kekunci eletronik dalam tempoh 3 minit dengan kelajuan bahasa biasa termasuk angka , Isyarat Khas , Kod ’Q’ dan isyarat kecemasan didalam Kod Morse Antarabangsa.
Calun mestilah berupaya mengantar mesej sebanyak 36 perkataan ( lebih kurang lima huruf satu perkataan ) dalam bahasa biasa dalam masa tiga minit dengan kelajuan 12 perkataan seminit tanpa isyarat pembetulan. Maksimum empat kesalahan dan empat isyarat pembetulan adalah dibenarkan.
Calon mestilah berupaya menerima mesej sebanyak 36 perkataan ( lebih kurang lima huruf satu perkataan ) dalam bahasa biasa dalam masa tiga minit dan setiap angka dan huruf yang diterima salah dikira satu kesilapan. Satu perkataan yang mana satu atau lebih huruf yang diterima salah dikira dua kesilapan. Maksimum empat kesilapan didalam bahasa biasa dan maksimum dua angka yang diterima salah dibenarkan.

BAGAIMANA UNTUK MEMOHON MENDUDUKI PEPERIKSAAN
Peperiksaan akan diadakan dari masa ke semasa. Tarikh , Masa dan Tempat akan ditentukan oleh SKMM ( MCMC ). Notis penghebahan akan dibuat melalui media cetak dan eletronik. Terma dan syarat , peraturan permohonan , cara pembayaran dan lain-lain yang berkaitan dengan peperiksaan akan juga dimaklumkan.

YURAN PEPERIKSAAN
Yuran peperiksaan adalah seperti berikut :
1. Peperiksaan Radio Amatur ( RAE ) - RM 50.00
2. Ujian Kod Morse ( CW TEST ) - RM 50.00
Yuran peperiksaan tidak akan dikembalikan kepada calun sekiranya menarik diri atau tidak hadir pada tarik peperiksaan. Yuran tidak boleh dipindah dari satu tarikh peperiksaan ke tarikh peperiksaan yang lain atau dari calun kepada calun yang lain.

HAD KELAYAKAN UMUR
Had kelayakan umur minima untuk menduduki Peperiksaan Radio Amatur ( RAE ) adalah 14 tahun.
Had kelayakan umur minima untuk menduduki Ujian Morse Kod ( CW Test ) adalah 18 tahun.
Stesyen Radio Amatur Kelas A diberi keutamaan untuk pemancaran kuasa tinggi tetapi perlu mengambil kira dan bertanggungjawab ketika beroperasi/mengendali stesyen.

PERKARA-PERKARA YANG DIBENARKAN
Pengendali Stesyen Radio Amatur kebiasaannya dikenali sebagai ” Ham Radio Operator ” atau ” HAM ” . Aktiviti-aktiviti yang dibenarkan adalah seperti berikut :
1. Berkomunikasi dengan stesyen radio amatur di seluruh dunia dengan radio HF.
2. Berkomunikasi diantara bandar-bandar dengan menggunakan radio VHF dan UHF.
3. Memberi perkhidmatan komunikasi ketika berlakunya bencana alam sekiranya tidakterdapat alat komunikasi yang lain atau tidak berfungsi.
4. Membina sendiri radio , alat pemancar , alat penerima dan antena.
5. Berkomunikasi melalui satelit amatur di orbit tanpa sebarang kos.
6. Berkomunikasi dengan angkasawan ketika mengelilingi dunia.
7. Membuat kajian dengan Amatur TV ( ATV ) , Slow Scan TV ( SSTV ) atau menghantar gambar potret dengan menggunakan faksimili.
8. Mengambil bahagian didalam sebarang pertandingan Radio Amatur atau membina sendiri peralatan pandu arah.
9. Mengambil bahagian dalam aktiviti mencari dan menyelamat.

PERKARA-PERKARA YANG TIDAK DIBENARKAN
Secara khususnya , terdapat beberapa perkara yang mana stesyen radio amatur dilarang melakukannya :
1. Pengendali stesyen radio amatur dilarang sama sekali mencari sumber kewangan melalui radio.
2. Pengendali stesyen radio amatur dilarang sama sekali memancarkan siaran kepada umum. Pemancaran radio amatur adalah untuk diterima oleh pengendali stesyen radio amatur sahaja.

credit kepada http://9w2dxn.blogspot.com dan di edit oleh 9w2rev

HAM RADIO OPERATORS NEW TO HF!

GOOD OPERATING PROCEDURES,TIPS,
HINTS, KINKS, TRICKS
AND SOME GOOD INFO FOR
HAM RADIO OPERATORS NEW TO HF!
Good reading for us old timers in Ham Radio too!
by N4UJW, Hamuniverse.com

Getting on the HF bands for the first time is one of the most exciting times for anyone that holds an Amateur Radio Operator license, especially for the ham operators who are brand new to HF or will soon be getting on HF with the new "HF" privileges using voice on 10 meters and CW privileges on 80, 40, 15, and 10 meters.
This article is especially written and tailored for the new operators using their new found privileges authorized by the FCC on February 23, 2007 on 10 meter voice
and newly upgrading General class hams.

Exciting Times Ahead and What to Expect!

For me, earning the privilege of HF operating was......well beyond words to describe!
But here are two or three that will help you!

Operating on HF is very different from the 2 meter, 6 meter, 440 and bands higher.
You won't be using repeaters on HF like on 2 meters and the other bands you are accustomed to if you are a Technician class ham.General class hams have this privilege! You will strictly be in direct contact with the station on the other end, much like simplex on 2 meters. Your contact may be on the other side of the town you live in or on the other side of the world or in between using HF frequencies.

Depending on the time of day, propagation, the band you have selected, the mode you're using, (CW or SSB), and many other variables, your contacts may be "loud and clear"
or almost down in the noise.
You will have to accept major interference from Mother Nature's lightning crashes, solar storms, power line and other man made device noise and sometimes just too many stations on or near your frequency.

The HF ham bands are CROWDED!
Let's face it, worldwide, there are several million Amateur Radio Operators using the same bands and modes and most probably, the same frequencies although they may not hear all of the other stations on the frequency. This is just the nature of propagation, antennas, differences in power levels and other variables.

HF ham radio operating can be a challenging adventure at times when all of those variables are working against you so don't expect crystal clear FM quality as if your operating on a repeater on the 2 meter ham band all of the time. It's kind of like going fishing, sometimes you have a great catch with strong signals, and other times, not a nibble!
Don't give up, you will make contacts!

Helpful Suggestions for the "Newbie" on HF
Read this first:
If you're new to Ham radio, you need to know that ham bands have "Official Observers" listening on all bands!
They are ham radio operators just like you and I.
You could be communicating with one and never know it.
Their responsibility is to observe infractions of the Part 97 rules and regulations and to get these infractions reported to the proper authority.
Don't give them a chance to complete their responsibilities!
They really don't want to.....but they will and do all the time!

One of the most important things you need to remember is:
ID!
Transmit your call sign CLEARLY!
FCC Rules and Regulations Part 97
Sec. 97.119 Station identification.

(a) Each amateur station, except a space station or telecommand
station, must transmit its assigned call sign on its transmitting
channel at the end of each communication, and at least every 10 minutes
during a communication, for the purpose of clearly making the source of
the transmissions from the station known to those receiving the
transmissions. No station may transmit unidentified communications or
signals, or transmit as the station call sign, any call sign not
authorized to the station. (SOURCE PART 97)

DON'T GIVE YOUR CALL SIGN AND THEN SAY, "FOR ID"!!!!
YOUR CALL SIGN IS YOUR ID! OTHER HAMS KNOW THIS AND YOU DO NOT NEED TO DEFINE WHAT YOUR CALL SIGN WAS FOR!

1. LISTEN, LISTEN, LISTEN!
Hey...wait a minute...I thought ham radio was about "talking"!
It is....but you will be surprised at how much you can learn about operating and ham radio by just listening around the ham bands!
If you're bored with that video game, the internet or whatever,
get on any active ham band and tune around until you hear an interesting conversation. Listen to the conversation and try to pick out ham terms, topics or phrases you don't know the meaning of......then, if your privileges, (and your station equipment), allow you to transmit on that band and frequency....wait for a pause between their transmissions and throw in your callsign.....most operators will acknowledge you and welcome you into the conversation....ask them to help you understand what they were talking about. Don't be bashful, tell them you are new to HF and would certainly appreciate their help!
Most will welcome you!

2. Be Patient
Making a contact on HF usually requires that you use the term "CQ" repeated at least 3 times in a row along with your call sign on the end and waiting for a reply...if none...repeat it over again....then try the third time and hope for an answer to your call. If still none, don't get discouraged!

If you have called CQ a multitude of times and still get no answer, try to figure out why....is it our old friend/enemy propagation, your equipment, your antenna type or setup? Do you have power out to the antenna? How do you know? Do you show output on the power meter. How is the SWR?

Check your complete station setup including all controls, functions, cables, etc....is your antenna still up! Contact a local ham on the phone or via email and set up a time and frequency to check out your station on the air.
If your trying to make a contact, any contact, on 10 meters and can't, then chances are that propagation is against you.

3. Using phonetics on HF
One of the major causes for voice communication errors is the misunderstanding of the spoken word on HF especially when operating under noisy conditions. Using the SSB mode under the assumption that it is a high fidelity mode like FM will surely disappoint you.There are many "accents" to the human voice and being in the sideband mode causes some words at times to be very unclear if the sending station is having technical problems with his microphone or audio circuits in his transceiver or you are operating under high noise levels.

If the other station's audio is extremely distorted, tell him so. He may have his mic gain cranked wide open, compressor full blast or a combination of both causing the background noise in his shack to be as loud as his voice!
Or his mic may be causing the problem and he may not know it.
Again, let him know that you think he has a problem with his audio.

Ask him to talk "across" his mic with it held close to his mouth rather than directly into it. You will be surprised at how much clearer his voice will sound, and yours, to others using this technique.

Most stock microphones that come with transceivers are designed for "close talking" and not held a foot away! Always try to use the "close talking" and "across" when using voice modes.

Even under the best of conditions, SSB communications can sometimes be hard to understand and if you have a hearing problem, even more so,
.....enter Phonetics!
Definition: Phonetics - The study of speech sounds.

The Phonetic Alphabet is used to spell out letters in place of just saying the letter itself. By using a word for each letter there is less chance that the person listening will confuse letters. For instance, some letters that can easily be confused are "D" and "B". Using the phonetic alphabet, "Delta" and "Bravo" can be easily distingusihed. The phonetic alphabet is used primarily in two-way radio communications. The effects of noise, weak signals, distorted audio, and radio operator accent are reduced through use of the phonetic alphabet. This system of pronouncing letters is used around the world by maritime units, aircraft, amateur radio operators and the military. This alphabet is recognized by the International Civil Aviation Organization, Federal Aviation Administration, International Telecommunication Union and NATO as the standard for aircraft communications and radio communications.

Many words with certain letters in them or the beginning of them sound much alike when spoken in the presence of noise, and there is plenty of it on HF.
Some examples:
thunder - sounds like under, lightning - sounds like heightening, many - sounds like any, rig - sounds like re, Yaesu - sounds like hayyou, seven like heaven or eleven, eight like hate or ate and on and on.
Using phonetics can help tremendously in the understanding of the more difficult sounding words, numbers, etc.
It would be hard not to understand my call sign, N4UJW, using it phonetically like.....November 4 Uniform Juliet Whiskey!

Here is the Phonetic alphabet and numbers as used in Ham Radio

Letter	Pronunciation	Letter	Pronunciation	Number	Pronunciation
A	Alpha (AL fah)	N	November (no VEM ber)	0	ZEE row
B	Bravo (BRAH VOH)	O	Oscar (OSS cah)	1	WUN
C	Charlie (CHAR lee)	P	Papa (pah PAH)	2	TOO
D	Delta (DELL tah)	Q	Quebec (keh BECK)	3	TREE
E	Echo (ECK oh)	R	Romeo (ROW me oh)	4	FOW er
F	Foxtrot (FOKS trot)	S	Sierra (see AIR rah)	5	FIFE
G	Golf (GOLF)	T	Tango (TANG go)	6	SIX
H	Hotel (hoh TELL)	U	Uniform (YOU nee form)	7	SEVEN
I	India (IN dee ah)	V	Victor (VIK tah)	8	AIT
J	Juliet (JEW lee ETT)	W	Whiskey (WISS key)	9	NINE er
K	Kilo (KEY loh)	X	X Ray (ECKS RAY)
L	Lima (LEE mah)	Y	Yankee (YANG key)
M	Mike (MIKE)	Z	Zulu (ZOO loo)

Note: The syllables printed in capital letters are to be stressed as in the letter "A" , Alpha (AL fah)

Call signs are routinely spelled using phonetics so there is no misunderstanding.
For instance, the call sign X9XX would be pronounced,
ECKS RAY NINE er EXKS RAY EXKS RAY

Memorize the table above....you will use it often.
If you have difficulty memorizing, then just use a very similar phonetic in it's place....
but please try to memorize the standard phonetics above!
They are used by most hams worldwide.

4. The RST Reporting System
(Learn how to give a signal report)

5.Prosigns, Q Signals and CW Abbreviations
(CW SHORTHAND)

6. Good Operating Practices and Procedures on Ham Radio
An Article by Tim, AJ4D
(A MUST READ FOR ALL CLASSES OF HAMS)

7. FCC Rules Part 97

8. "The Amateur's Code"
Common Sense Rules for All of Us!
The Radio Amateur is:

CONSIDERATE...never knowingly operates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure of others.

LOYAL...offers loyalty, encouragement and support to other amateurs, local clubs, and the American Radio Relay League, through which Amateur Radio in the United States is represented nationally and internationally.

PROGRESSIVE...with knowledge abreast of science, a well-built and efficient station and operation above reproach.

FRIENDLY...slow and patient operating when requested; friendly advice and counsel to the beginner; kindly assistance, cooperation and consideration for the interests of others. These are the hallmarks of the amateur spirit.

BALANCED...radio is an avocation, never interfering with duties owed to family, job, school or community.

PATRIOTIC...station and skill always ready for service to country and community.

The original Amateur's Code was written by
Paul M. Segal, W9EEA, in 1928.

Learn More about SSB - Single Side Band - What it is and how it works!

10 METER INTRODUCTION AND MORE

If you "play" by these helpful suggestions, procedures and tips above, your enjoyment of HF ham radio will certainly be enhanced and you will be known as a good operator and not a "LID".

Enjoy your new Bands and WELCOME TO HF!

SSB Single Side Band

SSB Single Side Band
What is Single Side band?

First we must understand what
Single side band is not!
This article is tailored and written for the new ham.

Single sideband is not a band! It is not a frequency! It is not a portion of a band!
It is not a rock group! It is not.......what you may have thought!

Single sideband is more properly called a mode.
It is a very efficient method of superimposing your voice or other information on a radio wave and the transmission of that radio wave.

The method by which audio, (information), is impressed on a radio signal is called modulation. To modulate a radio wave is to add information to it that can be received on a receiver for some useful purpose.

There are two types of modulation that most people are familiar with, AM (amplitude modulation), and FM, (frequency modulation), for which the AM and FM broadcast bands were named. You have used FM modulation on the 2 meter ham band and most likely used AM modulation when you were a kid using toy walkie talkies. You may also have used single sideband on other occasions also, but since you are reading this, you want to know more.

When you are in the AM mode, your voice modulates, (is superimposed), on a carrier wave at a certain frequency in your transmitter and is transmitted over the air waves.

The carrier wave is used to "carry" the audio information to the AM receiver where it is detected and transformed back to an audio signal that we can hear representing the original information (voice) that was spoken into the microphone.

In an AM modulated radio signal, the carrier, is continuously transmitted. Due to the nature of the way AM is produced in the transmitter, two identical modulating signals are attached to the carrier wave, these are called the sidebands. They are a mirror image of each other, identical in every way.

Any audio that you hear on an AM receiver is from the two sidebands. When the radio transmitter you are tuned to is not transmitting any sound, you can still hear from the speaker and see on your S meter that a signal is present due to the background noise being quieter than either side of that frequency. This is the carrier you are detecting being detected by your receiver.

These two modulating (audio) sidebands are located on either side of the carrier wave, one just above it and the other just below. As a result, the sideband located just above the carrier frequency is called the upper sideband and that which is located just below the carrier frequency is called the lower sideband.

The audio sidebands that form an AM broadcast signal are quite important. They contain the "information or audio" intended for the receive station. Although AM signals were transmitted almost exclusively for decades, it was discovered with experimentation that the AM signal could be modified yielding much better results!

Many methods were experimented with and ham radio operators often used both sidebands without the carrier using special circuits in the transmitter to eliminate the carrier wave while still leaving the modulation to be transmitted.

This is known as double sideband (DSB) without the carrier. DSB was typically used in the earlier experiments because it was much easier to filter out just the carrier than to filter out the carrier and one of the sidebands. Soon the experimenters were able to filter out the carrier and either of the sidebands to yield what we now know and use as Single Sideband! So we are using a single side band....meaning one side band.

Using special circuits and filters, single sideband transmissions can consist of either the lower sideband (LSB) or the upper sideband (USB). If you listen to an SSB signal on an AM receiver, the voices are altered and sound very muffled, garbled and distorted. Some people even say "Donal Duck" sounding when tuned improperly in the sideband mode.

Enter the SSB receiver.

Since the receiver still needs the original carrier to “demodulate” or decode the signal, you must have a special SSB receiver to listen to these transmissions. This is accomplished in the SSB receiver by circuits that re-insert a very low level carrier wave back with the lower or upper sideband signal and magically, the audio that was transmitted is restored in the receiver with almost identical reproduction of the original voice. Tuning the SSB receiver is very touchy and critical to make the voices sound natural. If you are tuned off of the transmitter frequency, depending on which way you go, the voices will be higher or lower pitched, resulting in that "Donald Duck" sound. You will tune with ease with some practice.

Your receiver MUST be in the same "mode" as the transmitted signal or the whole process does not work!
It the transmitter of the other station is in the USB mode, your receiver MUST be in the USB mode and vice versa.

How do you know which "mode" to use?
On HF and by agreements worldwide, all stations transmitting SSB use LSB on 160 meters through 75 meters, USB on 60 meters, back to LSB on 40 meters and then all bands above 40 meters use USB. This agreement makes life easy when switching bands. Every one knows which modes are used on which bands.

Here is a sample audio file. At first you will hear a station in the USB mode on 20 meters properly tuned........then the receiver is switched to the AM mode with a station transmitting in the SSB mode......then back to SSB with tuning slightly off frequency and retuning to the correct frequency by "ear". You will notice how the voice pitch changes as the tuning of the receiver gets closer to the transmit frequency of the person transmitting.....Click here for the audio. Mp3, 149KB, 1:16 seconds. (I did not get a chance to "ID" the stations heard.)

Since the fidelity of the SSB voice transmission has been altered somewhat through various filters in the process of producing the sideband that is not too wide, usually only the most important portions or characteristics of the voice frequencies needed to communicate are allowed through, and this causes the lack of true AM or FM fidelity to the transmission, but the communication, (understandable), portions of the voice characteristics remain, which is all that is needed in the first place. It is a "communications" mode, not wide band HI FI commercial broadcast FM radio, CD quality mode!
The information contained in the average human voice needed to understand the voice is contained within about the first 3000hz of the human hearing range. Frequencies of the human voice beyond this range are not needed for communication purposes and are filtered out in the modulation process. So the average bandwidth of a SSB signal is about 3000hz wide with all of the voice characteristics needed within that range to be understandable.

The Power Ratio factor
Back to AM for a bit. When producing that AM signal we were talking about, the end result is that it was discovered that approximately half of the transmitter power is "wasted" on the carrier and the rest of the power is divided between the two sidebands. As a result, the actual audio output from a 1000 watt AM transmitter (500 watts of carrier + 250 watts on each sideband) would be the same as a 250 watt SSB transmitter in it’s effectiveness.

The Efficiency of SSB Transmitters

In the above, we learned that it would take 1000 watts of AM to be as effective as 250 watts SSB. This is a 4 to 1 ratio. The reason for the efficiency of SSB, is that all of that power that was used to produce both sidebands and the carrier are now used in only one sideband at the transmitter, and when you account for the receiver re-adding only a very, very tiny portion of that power back into the equation, you are increasing the efficiency about 16 times better than the standard AM transmitter! It is one reason why long distances can be covered effectively with SSB using much less power than AM.

SSB surprises for the new user!
When you tune around a ham band where single sideband is used, one thing may startle you compared to listening to AM or FM. Two stations occupying the same frequency can talk at the same time without those terrible squeels and tones caused by two carriers beating together! Since there are no carriers transmitted....no tones. If you are familiar with the terms, "Pileups" or "Double"....you will understand what this means.

So as not to get too technical, those tones are caused by the differences in the two AM station frequencies that fall within the audible range when added or subtracted from each other creating the difference heard as an audio tone.

Here is an example:
Station 1 transmits on 7.200000mhz exactly using AM.
Station 2 transmits on 7.201000mhz exactly using AM
Station 3 is your receiver tuned to 7.200000 exactly on AM.
When you subtract the difference between the two frequencies of station 1 and station 2, you get 1000hz which is an audio tone that you hear from the receiver. If one of the two stations adjusted their frequency by a tiny amount, you would hear the difference change in the frequency of the audio tone.

When you are in either sideband mode and you're just setting there listing to the background noise and all of a sudden you hear a tone in the background, you are hearing the "carrier" that is being re-inserted in your receiver beating against the carrier of the other station and producing the difference frequency if he is slightly off of the frequency you are tuned to. If you tune your receiver on top and exactly on his transmit frequency...the tone will simply vanish because the difference frequency between your receiver and his transmit frequency are so close or exact that you can not hear the low audio frequency. Most ham transceivers do not reproduce audio frequencies below about 100hz or so, so even if your ears could hear that frequency, the radio is simply just not producing it.
One more thing that may surprise you....When you key your mic and are in the SSB mode....look at your watt meter......no output! Remember.....there is no carrier produced in the transmitter when using the sideband mode.....so no carrier will be registered on the meter. If you scratch your finger across the face of the mic or speak into it, you will then see the meter register the "modulation".

The instant you "modulate" the transmitter with your voice, you will see that the meter deflects showing you that now you have output....this is normal so don't worry that your transmitter is not operating....it is...and very effectively!

Now that you have learned more about how SSB works just remember that the SSB mode of transmission is the predominant mode of transmission used by most hams to effectively and efficiently work the world!

Meet you on 10 meters.....28.4mhz......USB! 73!

You should learn more....try these links:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_sideband
(Wikipedia online encyclopedia)

http://dj4br.home.t-link.de/ssb1e.htm
(Excellent information from DJ4BR)

http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/es310/SSB.htm
(From the U.S. Navy)

10 METER HAM BAND INFORMATION

10 METER HAM BAND INFORMATION
FOR THE TECHNICIAN CLASS HAM NEW TO 10 METERS
An Introduction To HF and the 10 Meter Ham Band
Also includes some suggested 10 Meter Ham Radios!

by Don Butler, N4UJW Hamuniverse.com

In 1988, I was first licensed as a Tech Plus operator during the peak of the 11 year solar cycle. My excitement of having the new "Ticket" and the privilege of being able to operate on the 10 meter ham band using voice and the thrill of not only talking around the area on 2 meters but around the world on HF was overpowering. I had wanted my ham license for over 40 years......and now I had it!

I "cut my teeth" in Ham Radio on the 10 meter HF ham band using an old Yaesu FT-107 that I had found on the used market from a local ham shop along with a homebrew 10 meter inverted V dipole I had built attached to a wooden fence about 15 feet in the air to the top of it.
I set myself a goal to try to work as many countries and states in one year's time.
As luck would have it, by the last day of that goal, I had worked over 100 countries and all 50 U.S. states in casual part time operating.
Alaska was my last state on the list...finally! All on 10 meter ssb.

Being a Ham since 1988, I can relate to your excitement now that you have been authorized to have as much fun as I did back then.......
Have fun on 10 meters and don't let your excitement of ham radio die!
Go further.....you can do it!
73 Don ~ N4UJW
~~~~~~~
10 Meter Fun for the Newbie!
Now that you have been authorized your new FCC privileges on the 10 Meter HF band, you can refer to this page for useful information to help you to start your fun and excitement on 10 Meter HF.

This page contains the 10 Meter Band Plan with your authorized frequencies, equipment info including some suggested 10 meter ham radios, simple antennas, modes of operation, band edge limits, operating hints, operating procedures, propagation info, DX chasing hints and more!

10 Meter Band Plan
Novice, Technician, Technician Plus classes:

Your band edges are:
28.000mhz thru 28.500mhz
Don't be tempted to go outside them except only to listen! You will be illegal if you transmit out of your authorized frequency band!

28.000 - 28.300 MHz: CW, RTTY/Data--
Maximum power 200 watts PEP

28.300 - 28.500 MHz: CW, Phone--
28.400mhz voice band center and used as the "calling" frequency.
Maximum power 200 watts PEP

Table of suggested operating frequencies by "Gentlemen's Agreement"
All frequencies in Mhz

28.060	QRP CW calling frequency
28.070 - 28.120	Data
28.120 - 28.189	Automatically controlled data stations
28.190 - 28.225 28.300 - 28.500	Beacons See Beacon link below SSB VOICE (28.400mhz calling)
28.385	QRP SSB calling frequency (QRP = 5 watts or less)

Frequency Allocations for Technician Class hams:
For a station having a control operator who has been granted an operator license of Novice Class, Technician Class, or Technician Plus Class:

Wavelength band ITU Region 2 Sharing requirements, see §97.303, paragraph Part 97 rules
HF
80 m 3.525-3.60 (a) See Part 97 Download below
40 m 7.025-7.125 (a) See Part 97 Download below
15 m 21.025-21.20
10 m 28.0-28.5

NEW U.S. Amateur Radio Band Chart Download
(Effective Feb 23, 2007)

Always refer to FCC Part 97 rules for latest information!
Section 97.101(b) of the FCC Rules states that "Each station licensee and each control operator must cooperate in selecting transmitting channels and in making the most effective use of the amateur service frequencies. No frequency will be assigned for the exclusive use of any station.
" No one "owns" a frequency.

It's good Amateur practice--and common sense for any operator, regardless of mode, to check to see if the frequency is busy prior to transmitting. It is so easy to transmit "(insert your callsign....Is the frequency in use?)" Transmit it 2 or 3 times and wait for a reply. Remember, when the band is really open, your signal may be heard around the world, so listen intently for a reply....none heard....the frequency is most likelyyours! Try again!

If you are there first, other operators should make an effort to protect you from interference to the extent possible, given that 100% interference-free operation is not a realistic expectation in today's congested Ham bands. It is also a violation of FCC rules to intentionally interfere with another Amateur station! If you can hear the other station, odds are he can also hear you!
Always use good common sense and good manners while you're on Ham radio! You represent the United States in other countries that hear your signal!

What to expect from the 10 meter band
The 10 meter ham band can be very exciting with worldwide communications or more down to earth with just local QSO's. It mostly depends on the 11 year solar cycle and whether we are at the bottom, peak or on the way back down.

When the cycle is at it's peak, worldwide propagation prevails with very minimum power levels required. At times, 5 watts SSB can get you into Australia, the Far East, Europe and many other countries or just around the U.S.!

Even with minimum conditions at the bottom of the 11 year cycle there are random periods of "sky wave" propagation that are caused by temporary Ionospheric conditions. Some of these conditions are caused by Ionized particles that randomly occur as "clouds" in the upper atmosphere that reflect radio waves on 10 meters.
"10" can be a fantastic challenge or just plain easy as eating a piece of pie. If you're up for a challenge, then the 10 meter band is for you. If you like pie.......then 10 is also for you. It has something for all. Be patient.

WHAT IS ALL THIS STUFF ABOUT PROPAGATION?

Sky Wave
Simply put, "sky wave" is when radio signals are reflected back towards the earth from the ionosphere. This reflection can occur more than once between the earth and the ionosphere between stations. Sort of like light beams bouncing off several mirrors aimed properly at various angles relative to the ground and each other. Some operators call this "skip" propagation and wherever these signal returns to earth, they can be heard by a receiving operator. "SHORT SKIP" on ten meters is usually around 500 miles or less and normal skip propagation "Sky Wave" can vary from a thousand to several thousand miles and around the earth.

During the height of a sun spot cycle, signals can be heard both near and far for a large part of the 24 hour day. It is not uncommon to be talking to your friend 10 miles away at 9:15PM and with stations in Australia or New Zealand in a "roundtable" discussion or at 10:00 PM Japan may join in. Times vary from day to day and depend on lots of variables.

During the peak of the cycle, there seems to be a predictable pattern with Sky Wave. Early in the morning stations from the East...around Noon
Southerly....Afternoon, mid afternoon and night mixed with the Australia, South and Central America then Westerly towards the Far East and if you have stayed up all night logging all that DX until the sun comes up, the pattern repeats all over again! It follows the sun. Go here for in depth propagation information.

Ground Wave (How far can I transmit?)
Ten meter ground wave (direct) propagation is much more predictable than "sky wave". Local contacts up to 40 or 50 miles or more can be expected 24 hours a day and is very useful for local communication. The higher the antenna, the better.
Using ground wave on 10 meters is much like 2 meter operation using repeaters without the repeaters. Strictly station to station. Comunications are more effective if both stations are using the same polarity with their antennas. Vertical to vertical, horizontal to horizontal. Cross polarization will work at very close range.

9W2AIS

Khamis, 16 Januari 2014

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